Recent years have seen a general cost-cutting in organisations caused by economic pressures. Many organisations have seen a fall in customer demand due to the cost-of-living crisis, as well as inflationary pressures affecting costs. Higher interest rates, increasing organisations’ cost of capital, are another factor.
There’s also a sense of fatigue associated with spending on cyber security. Businesses’ spending on cyber has been increasing year-on-year for a sustained period of time, and a tendency has crept in for organisations to feel that, by now, they have done the necessary investing required to protect themselves, even though the reality is that the cyber threat landscape is ever-intensifying and regulatory pressures are mounting.
Lastly, we’ve seen a ‘platformisation’ of cyber software, with the big suppliers creating cohesive, unified cyber solutions. This encourages CISOs to embrace economies of scale in their spending, allowing them to do ‘more with less’. This has led to reductions in spending on single-use-case software solutions.
All of these factors combined are contributing to a flatlining of cyber budgets over the past 12 to 18 months in many organisations.
What makes organisations feel security is a worthwhile ‘cut’?
In this area, spending is highly correlated to compliance – often more than risk appetite. Compliance drives action, and this leads to a situation where if the organisation feels compliance has been achieved, the spend begins to plateau as the sense of urgency around cyber dissipates.
Some sectors are pushing hard on compliance, for example DORA for financial services in EMEIA and NIS2 for critical infrastructure in the European Union (EU). Spending on cyber security is more robust in these sectors, commensurate with the demands of these regulatory frameworks, but in sectors where regulation is less onerous, the spend is measurably flattening.
How can CISOs and security leaders lobby to maintain their budgets?
This is where a shift in perspective is badly needed. The case needs to be made that spending on cyber is a value investment – not just a risk management cost. Organisations need to start regarding cyber as an enabling ecosystem which unlocks value in multiple ways. It can enable AI implementation right across the organisation, for one thing. It can help enable acquisitions, for another. Creating a strong platform can also differentiate the organisation in the eyes of customers. All this contributes tangible value.
This is an important shift in mindset, from a perspective that views cyber only as a cost to one that understands it as an enabling infrastructure that links directly to the value generated by the products and services it underpins.
This new perspective should enable businesses to consider that, instead of relying solely on central funding for cyber, they can allocate to cyber a share of their budgets for new initiatives – on the basis that an optimal cyber infrastructure is a necessary condition of the initiative’s success.
It’s also useful to quantify the effectiveness of cyber spend, using Cyber Risk Quantification to demonstrate the tangible link between risk reduction and spend.
How can CISOs and security leaders increase their budgets?
One of the main things cyber can enable is AI, and this is becoming the fastest-moving – and fastest-growing – change catalyst in the whole landscape. There is no doubt that AI is a cyber threat multiplier, allowing cyber criminals to become better at what they do: better malware, better phishing, and so on.
This means that the custodians of business need to become better, too. And that’s going to require ongoing investment, and an ongoing evolution of the tools and solutions we implement, to enable organisations to try and keep up with the criminals.
As cyber criminals avail themselves of AI to create more effective cyber-attacks, organisations are going to need to fight AI with AI. It is important to look at opportunities to automate cyber defence, especially in key use cases around Threat Detection and Response, Automated Testing and User Access Rights management.
EY’s research shows that one of the key indicators of organisations who perform best in cyber security is that they consistently adopt emerging technology – especially automation – quickly. Companies who can ingrain that technology-friendly approach are the ones that suffer the least from being attacked.
The threat outlook for 2025
The existing big threats – ransomware, phishing and supply chain attacks – will all continue, and will continue to grow in sophistication. Alongside that, we expect to see more targeting of Operational Technology (OT), as well as the Internet of Things (IoT).
It’s reasonable to expect that the fast growth of AI implementation across organisations and sectors will produce new vulnerabilities, and that as a result, more data breaches will occur as an inevitable aspect of this fast pace of change.
Finally, the other key development will be the way cyber criminals are themselves utilising and deploying AI. The intensity of malware attacks is likely to increase, as attackers weaponise GenAI. The pace of development is capable of being equally effective on both sides of the battle, which is precisely why organisations cannot afford to be complacent.
Richard Watson is global and APAC cyber security consulting lead at EY
